How to make the LED Blink | AVR Mocrocontroller Program

Today i show you how to make LED Blink on AVR microcontroller so first you have to need know about AVR Microcontroller First Program | Turn On an LED 

I hope you know already on previous tutorial  what the <avr/io.h> does, so I am looking froward,and  won't waste your time with that one, but today there is a new #include statement. That is delay.h will provide us a some of convenient methods for us to use.  the delay.h will provide us with a way to create delays in our program.

#include <util/delay.h>

This is what we had before. This is not a very good way of minipulating the pins because we just changed all of the pins from 1 to 7 as input, but "what if" we had a larger program that used those pins for other things, like for instance, pin 2 all pies brake pressure control for the anti-lock braking system. 

DDRB = 0b00000001;

We need a way to ONLY affect one bit, the pin 0 bit. so you apply  "OR", logic  

"OR", logic 

so you have to know or logic one the  binary number for the example 

01001011 |
10001101
equals
11001111

so you can write on

DDRB = DDRB | 0b00000001;

This will takes it's former self and "OR" it to a mask. 

you can write on the C++ this way

DDRB |= 0b00000001;

This method  is vary complicate so you can write this way on C++ code

DDRB |= 1 << PINB0

Explain 1 << PINB0 is the act of creating the mask. The "1" represents what will be inserted into the mask, the << is a left shift operator. and PINB0 is a number of positions that the "1" will shift left. In essence, PINB0 is just equal to 0. So, you start with a 0b00000000, and you add a "1" to make 0b00000001 and then you shift it left 0 positions. So you are left with 0b00000001, the same number from above. 

 if it was PINB4? The statement would be: 1 << PINB4. The "1" would be left shifted 4 times resulting in: 0b00010000.

PORTB |= 1 << PINB0;
_delay_ms(100);
PORTB &= ~(1 << PINB0);
_delay_ms(100); 

PORTB &= ~(1 << PINB0);

here we apply AND logic

What is and logics

Example AND binary number operation (the "&" is used in C programming for AND):

01001011 &
10001101
equals
00001001

So complete code is 

#include <avr/io.h>

#include <util/delay.h>

int main(void)

{

DDRB |= 1 << PINB0;

while (1)

{

PORTB = 1 << PINB0;

_delay_ms(500);

PORTB = 0 << PINB0;

_delay_ms(500);

}

}

One this program you cane write use XOR logic

#include <avr/io.h>
#include <util/delay.h>
int main(void)
{
DDRB |= 1 << PINB0;
while (1)
{
PORTB ^= 1 << PINB0;
_delay_ms(100);
}
}

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